What is mortgage amortization?
Key takeaways
- Mortgage loan amortization refers to the split between how much of your loan payment goes toward principal vs. interest.
- At the beginning of your loan, a larger portion of your payment is put toward interest, but this reverses as your loan matures.
- You can use your amortization schedule to come up with the best repayment strategy for your needs.
Over time, the portion of your monthly mortgage payment that goes to principal and interest varies according to your loan amortization schedule. Understanding your amortization schedule can help you make informed decisions about how best to pay off your loan and the length of time and cost it will take to do so.
What is mortgage amortization?
The longer the loan amortization period, the lower your monthly payment. That’s because the longer you spread out your payments, the less it will cost you each month, simply because there’s more time to repay.
The downside to a longer loan term, however, is more money spent on interest. In addition, because the interest payments are frontloaded with a longer mortgage, it takes more time to really reduce the principal and build equity in your home—a factor to consider when comparing your loan options.
Amortization with fixed-rate mortgages
With a fixed-rate mortgage, the monthly payments remain the same throughout the loan’s term. However, each time you make a payment, the amount of your payment that goes to the principal differs from the amount that gets applied to interest, even though you make each payment in equal installments.
“As your loan matures, you can expect a higher percentage of your payment to go toward the principal, with a lower percentage going toward the interest,” says Nishank Khanna, chief marketing officer at Clarify Capital in New York City.
Amortization with adjustable-rate mortgages
On the other hand, an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) comes with a fixed interest rate for an initial period (usually between three and 10 years). After that, your rate — and, therefore, your monthly mortgage payment — will change every six or 12 months, depending on the type of ARM you have.
Like fixed-rate mortgages, you’ll pay a bigger chunk toward the interest at first. Over time, this will shift, so more of your payment will go toward the loan principal.
What is a mortgage amortization schedule?
A mortgage amortization schedule or table is a list of all the payment installments and their respective dates. These schedules are complex and most easily created with an amortization calculator.
“A calculator is needed because of the number of variables involved, including the number of compounding periods, interest rate, loan amount and final balance,” says Trevor Calton, president of Evergreen Capital Advisors in Portland, Oregon.
Where can you find your mortgage amortization schedule?
You might find your mortgage amortization schedule by logging into your lender’s portal or website and accessing your loan information online. But in some cases, you may have to contact your lender to request it.
“Borrowers typically need to call their bank or lender to request their amortization schedule for an existing mortgage loan,” says David Druey, Florida regional president of Miami-based Centennial Bank.
How do you calculate mortgage amortization?
It’s best to use a loan amortization calculator to understand how your payments break down over the life of your mortgage.
You can use Bankrate’s amortization calculator to find out what your loan amortization schedule will be based on the loan terms you input. To use the calculator, you’ll need to input a few details about your mortgage, including:
- Principal loan amount
- Loan term (such as 30 years)
- Loan start date
- Interest rate
You also need to enter details about how often you make extra payments and the amount of those extra payments. The calculator provides an in-depth schedule for each month of your loan with details such as how much principal and interest you’ll pay in any given payment and how much principal and interest will have been paid by a specific date.
Mortgage amortization schedule example
Let’s assume you took out a 30-year mortgage for $300,000 at a fixed interest rate of 6.5 percent. At those terms, your monthly mortgage payment (principal and interest) would be just over $1,896, and the total interest over 30 years would be $382,633.
Here’s a snippet of what your loan amortization schedule in this example would look like in the first year of the loan term (assuming you got the loan in 2023):
| Year | Month | Payment | Principal | Interest | Balance | Total Interest | Total Principal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | September | $1,896.20 | $271.20 | $1,625.00 | $299,728.80 | $1,625.00 | $271.20 |
| 2023 | October | $1,896.20 | $272.67 | $1,623.53 | $299,456.12 | $3,248.53 | $543.88 |
| 2023 | November | $1,896.20 | $274.15 | $1,622.05 | $299,181.97 | $4,870.58 | $818.03 |
| 2023 | December | $1,896.21 | $275.64 | $1,620.57 | $298,906.34 | $6,491.15 | $1,093.66 |
| 2024 | January | $1,896.21 | $277.13 | $1,619.08 | $298,629.21 | $8,110.23 | $1,370.79 |
| 2024 | February | $1,896.20 | $278.63 | $1,617.57 | $298,350.58 | $9,727.80 | $1,649.42 |
| 2024 | March | $1,896.21 | $280.14 | $1,616.07 | $298,070.44 | $11,343.87 | $1,929.56 |
| 2024 | April | $1,896.21 | $281.66 | $1,614.55 | $297,788.79 | $12,958.42 | $2,211.21 |
| 2024 | May | $1,896.20 | $283.18 | $1,613.02 | $297,505.60 | $14,571.44 | $2,494.40 |
| 2024 | June | $1,896.21 | $284.72 | $1,611.49 | $297,220.89 | $16,182.93 | $2,779.11 |
| 2024 | July | $1,896.21 | $286.26 | $1,609.95 | $296,934.63 | $17,792.88 | $3,065.37 |
| 2024 | August | $1,896.21 | $287.81 | $1,608.40 | $296,646.82 | $19,401.27 | $3,353.18 |
Here’s what your amortization schedule would look like in the final year:
| Year | Month | Payment | Principal | Interest | Balance | Total Interest | Total Principal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2052 | September | $1,896.20 | $1,777.18 | $119.02 | $20,195.97 | $381,971.19 | $279,804.03 |
| 2052 | October | $1,896.20 | $1,786.81 | $109.39 | $18,409.16 | $382,080.58 | $281,590.84 |
| 2052 | November | $1,896.21 | $1,796.49 | $99.72 | $16,612.67 | $382,180.30 | $283,387.33 |
| 2052 | December | $1,896.21 | $1,806.22 | $89.99 | $14,806.45 | $382,270.28 | $285,193.55 |
| 2053 | January | $1,896.20 | $1,816.00 | $80.20 | $12,990.45 | $382,350.49 | $287,009.55 |
| 2053 | February | $1,896.20 | $1,825.84 | $70.36 | $11,164.61 | $382,420.85 | $288,835.39 |
| 2053 | March | $1,896.20 | $1,835.73 | $60.47 | $9,328.88 | $382,481.33 | $290,671.12 |
| 2053 | April | $1,896.20 | $1,845.67 | $50.53 | $7,483.21 | $382,531.86 | $292,516.79 |
| 2053 | May | $1,896.20 | $1,855.67 | $40.53 | $5,627.54 | $382,572.39 | $294,372.46 |
| 2053 | June | $1,896.20 | $1,865.72 | $30.48 | $3,761.82 | $382,602.87 | $296,238.18 |
| 2053 | July | $1,896.21 | $1,875.83 | $20.38 | $1,885.99 | $382,623.25 | $298,114.01 |
| 2053 | August | $1,896.21 | $1,885.99 | $10.22 | $0.00 | $382,633.47 | $300,000.00 |
As shown in this amortization table for a mortgage, the amount of your payment that’s allocated to the principal increases as the mortgage moves toward maturity, while the amount applied to interest decreases.
Note that this is the case for a typical 30-year fixed-rate mortgage. Amortization schedules — and how the payment is distributed to the interest and principal — can vary based on factors like how much you’re borrowing and your down payment, the length of the loan term and other conditions. Using Bankrate’s calculator can help you see what the outcomes will be for different scenarios.
Why you should understand your mortgage amortization schedule
When deciding on a loan term and amortization, it’s important to consider how long you plan to remain in the home.
“Say, for example, you purchased a starter home intending to live in it for only five years before upgrading to a larger house,” says Khanna. “You expect to make a profit when you sell, but you find out that you owe more than the value of the house. That’s because of your chosen amortization schedule and a slight depreciation [in the] home’s value. In this scenario, you opted for a 30-year mortgage over a 15-year loan, and most of your payments went toward interest rather than the principal balance.”
Understanding your amortization schedule can also help you determine if you need to change your repayment strategy, especially if you’re struggling to make payments.
“For those who may be facing challenges paying their mortgage each month, you can, for instance, discuss options with your lender that include refinancing your mortgage or only paying a portion of the debt owed each month,” says Druey.
You might also be considering prepaying your mortgage, such as making biweekly payments instead of paying once a month. Knowing how your loan amortizes can help inform your strategy here, too.
Mortgage amortization FAQ
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Yes. If you can afford to make extra payments on your mortgage, you’ll lower your principal balance and reduce the amount of interest you pay on your loan.
For example, let’s say you have a $200,000, 30-year loan with a 6.5 percent interest rate. By making an extra $100 payment each month, you would save $55,944 in interest over the life of your mortgage. You’d also pay off your loan five years and seven months earlier than if you didn’t make the extra payment.
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Refinancing can be a great way to secure a lower interest rate or more favorable loan terms. But when you refinance, you’re replacing your current mortgage with a new one. Doing so resets the timeline for fully repaying your mortgage, as well as the loan amortization schedule. You will start from square one with amortization and a larger portion of each monthly mortgage payment will go toward interest once again.
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During the early stage of a mortgage, a larger percentage of each monthly payment goes toward interest rather than toward repaying the principal. As a result, amortization slows the process of building equity in your home.
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Negative amortization happens when the payments you’re making don’t cover the interest on the loan. This might be the case if your lender allows you to pay only some of the interest initially, for example. This means your balance grows instead of being paid down. Over time, if the amount you owe ends up exceeding the value of your home, you’ll be “underwater” on the property, making it more difficult to sell and use those proceeds to repay the mortgage.
