What is net asset value (NAV)? Definition and formula explained

Net asset value, or NAV, represents the value of an investment fund and is calculated by adding the total value of the fund’s assets and subtracting its liabilities. Mutual funds and ETFs use NAV to calculate the price per share of the fund.

What is NAV and how does it work?

The net asset value formula is calculated by adding up what a fund owns and subtracting what it owes. For example, if a fund holds investments valued at $100 million and has liabilities of $10 million, its NAV will equal $90 million. Further, if the fund has one million shares outstanding, the NAV per share will be $90.

The NAV formula for a fund looks like this:

NAV = (Assets – liabilities) / Total shares outstanding

The assets and liabilities of an investment fund typically change daily, so the net asset value will change from one day to the next.

Mutual funds and NAV

Mutual funds calculate their net asset value per share daily and that is the price you’ll pay to buy or sell shares in the fund. Mutual funds aren’t traded throughout the day like stocks, but instead are priced at the end of the trading day. If you’re purchasing or selling shares in the fund, you’ll receive the next available NAV price. Placing a trade order during the day before market close will allow you to receive that day’s NAV as your price, but orders placed after market close will be executed at the next day’s closing NAV.

Most mutual funds are open-end, which means shares are issued and repurchased directly by the fund. But another type of fund known as closed-end funds aren’t required to repurchase shares from shareholders and as a result shares of these funds may not trade for NAV. Closed-end funds sell shares in public offerings, after which the shares are traded at market prices on exchanges. The shares may sell above or below the fund’s NAV.

Here’s a list of the top mutual funds.

ETFs and NAV

ETFs have many similarities with mutual funds, but they trade more like stocks. ETFs calculate their net asset value daily, but also estimate the NAV every 15 seconds throughout the business day. This estimate is published on several financial websites. An ETF may trade at a premium or a discount to its NAV at any given time.

Professional traders sometimes pursue trading strategies that seek to take advantage of an ETF’s premium or discount. These traders hope their approach will result in the ETF trading near its underlying value or NAV, allowing them to earn an arbitrage profit. Historical information about an ETF’s premium or discount is available in the fund’s prospectus.

Net asset value and fund performance

It may seem like comparing a fund’s change in net asset value over time is a good way to calculate investment performance, but that approach ignores some key data.

Funds typically distribute income like dividends and interest to shareholders, which lowers a fund’s NAV. Mutual funds also distribute realized capital gains, which also lowers the NAV. Looking at the change in NAV between two dates won’t account for these distributions.

It’s better to look at the fund’s total annual return over time to understand its overall performance more fully. This information can be found on the mutual fund’s website or in its prospectus.

Bottom line

NAV is a fairly simple calculation that you will run into often when investing in mutual funds and ETFs. Make sure you understand how and when it was calculated for funds you’re considering and make sure to look at total annual return data when comparing fund performance.