5 popular investment strategies for beginners

When you start investing on your own, the world of investing may seem overwhelming, often with too many choices and confusion about how to start. What if you make a wrong move and regret it? Well, you wouldn’t be alone.

In fact, 77 percent of U.S. adults have regrets when it comes to their personal finances, according to Bankrate’s latest Financial Regret Survey. More notably: 22 percent of people say their biggest financial regret is not saving for retirement early enough. Whether you’re already investing in a retirement plan or just getting started with a brokerage account, these time-tested strategies can help you simplify things.

Here are five popular investment strategies for beginners that can help you achieve a variety of financial goals, along with some of their advantages and risks.

Top 5 investment strategies for beginners

A good investment strategy minimizes your risks while maximizing your potential returns. But with any strategy, it’s vital to remember that you can lose money in the short run if you’re investing in market-based securities such as stocks and bonds. That’s why it’s a good idea to have your other finances, including emergency savings, in order before you begin investing.

A good investment strategy also takes time to show results and should not be considered a “get rich quick” scheme. So it’s important to begin investing with realistic expectations of what you can and can’t achieve.

1. Buy and hold

A buy-and-hold strategy is a classic that’s proven itself over and over. With this approach, you do exactly what the name suggests: you buy an investment and then hold it indefinitely. Ideally, you’ll hold the investment for many years, allowing it to compound and grow, but you should look to own it for at least three to five years.

Advantages: The buy-and-hold strategy focuses you on the long term and thinking like an owner, so you avoid the active trading that hurts the returns of most investors. Your success depends on how the underlying business performs over time. And this is how you can ultimately find the stock market’s biggest winners and possibly earn hundreds of times your original investment.

The beauty of this approach is that if you commit to holding a stock for a long period, then you don’t have to think about it too often. A long-term buy-and-hold strategy means you’re not always focused on the market — unlike traders — so you can spend time doing things you love instead of being stuck monitoring the market all day.

Risks: To succeed with this strategy, you’ll need to resist the temptation to sell when the market experiences turbulence. You’ll have to endure the market’s sometimes steep falls, and a 50 percent or greater drop is possible, with individual stocks potentially falling even more. That’s easier said than done.

2. Buy index funds

This strategy is all about finding an attractive stock index and then buying an index fund based on it. Two popular indexes are the S&P 500 and the Nasdaq Composite. Each has many of the market’s top stocks, giving you a well-diversified collection of investments, even if it’s the only investment you own. (This list of best index funds can get you started.) Rather than trying to beat the market, you simply own the market through the fund and get its returns.

Advantages: Buying an index fund is a simple approach that can yield great results, especially when you pair it with a buy-and-hold mentality. Your return will be the weighted average of the index’s assets. And with a diversified portfolio, you’ll have lower risk than owning just a few stocks. Plus, you won’t have to analyze individual stocks to invest in, so it requires much less work, meaning you have time to spend on other things while your money works for you.

Risks: Investing in stocks can be risky, but owning a diversified portfolio of stocks is considered a safer way to do it. But if you want to achieve the market’s long-term returns — an average of about 10 percent annually for the S&P 500 — you’ll need to hold on through the tough times and not sell. Also, because you’re buying a collection of stocks, you’ll get their average return, not the return of the hottest stocks. That said, most investors, even the pros, struggle to beat the indexes over time.

3. Index and a few

The “index and a few” strategy is a way to use the index fund strategy and then add a few small positions to the portfolio. For example, you might have 94 percent of your money in index funds and 6 percent split evenly between Apple and Amazon if you think those companies are well positioned for the long term. This is a good way for beginners to keep to a mostly lower-risk index strategy but add a little exposure to individual stocks that they like.

Advantages: This strategy takes the best of the index fund strategy — lower risk, less work, good potential returns — and lets the more ambitious investors add a few positions. The individual positions can help beginners get their feet wet analyzing and investing in stocks, while not costing too much if these investments don’t work out well.

Risks: As long as the individual positions remain a relatively small portion of the portfolio, the risks here are mostly the same as buying the index. You’ll still tend to get around the market’s average return, unless you own a lot of really strong or weak individual stocks. Of course, if you’re planning on taking positions in individual stocks, you’ll want to put the time and effort into understanding how to analyze them before you invest. Otherwise, your portfolio could take a hit.

4. Income investing

Income investing is owning investments that produce cash payouts, often dividend stocks and bonds. Part of your return comes in the form of hard cash, which you can use for anything you want, or you can reinvest the payouts into more stocks and bonds. If you own income stocks, you could also still enjoy the benefits of capital gains in addition to the cash income. (Here are some top high-dividend stocks you may want to consider.)

Advantages: You can easily implement an income-investing strategy using index funds or other income-focused funds, so you don’t have to pick individual stocks and bonds here. Income investments tend to fluctuate less than other kinds of investments, and you have the safety of a regular cash payout from your investments. Plus, high-quality dividend stocks tend to increase their payouts over time, boosting how much you get paid with no extra work on your part, making dividend investing one of the best passive income strategies.

Risks: While lower risk than stocks generally, income stocks are still stocks, so they can fall, too. And if you’re investing in individual stocks, they can cut their dividends, even to zero, leaving you with no payout and likely a capital loss as well. Bond yields aren’t always attractive and can sometimes be so low that they won’t outpace inflation, leaving investors with reduced purchasing power. Also, if you own bonds and dividend stocks in a regular brokerage account, you’ll have to pay taxes on the income, so you may want to hold these assets in a retirement account such as an IRA.

5. Dollar-cost averaging

Dollar-cost averaging is the practice of adding money to your investments at regular intervals. For example, you may determine that you can invest $500 a month. So each month you put $500 to work, regardless of what the market is doing. Or maybe you add $125 each week instead. By regularly purchasing an investment, you’re spreading out your buy points.

Advantages: By spreading out your buy points, you’re avoiding the risk of “timing the market” — that is, the risk of dumping all your money in at once. Dollar-cost averaging means you’ll get an average purchase price over time, ensuring that you’re not buying too high. Dollar-cost averaging is also good for helping to establish a regular investing cadence. Over time, you’re likely to wind up with a larger portfolio, if only because you were disciplined in your approach.

Risks: While the consistent method of dollar-cost averaging helps you avoid going all-in at exactly the wrong time, it also means you won’t go all-in at exactly the right time. So you’re unlikely to end up with the highest possible returns on your investment.

How to get started investing

Investing is a wide world, and new investors have a lot to learn to get up to speed. The good news is that beginners can make investing relatively simple with a few basic steps while they leave all the complex stuff to the pros.

Bankrate offers several resources for new investors:

• How to invest in stocks
• Comprehensive reviews of major online brokers
• Best investing books for beginners

The links above will get you started on your investing journey. You’ll get educational content and research on stocks and ETFs, plus detailed instructions on how to place trades and make the most of a broker’s capabilities. And most major online brokers don’t have a minimum account size, so you can get started quickly.

If you’re hoping to get more personalized guidance from a finance professional, Bankrate’s AdvisorMatch tool may be able to help.

Bottom line

Investing can be one of the best decisions you can make for yourself, but getting started can be tough. Simplify the process by picking a popular investment strategy that can work for you and then stick with it. When you become more fully versed in investing, then you can expand your strategies and the types of investments you can make.

— Bankrate’s Rachel Christian contributed to an update of this article.

Editorial Disclaimer: All investors are advised to conduct their own independent research into investment strategies before making an investment decision. In addition, investors are advised that past investment product performance is no guarantee of future price appreciation.