How credit inquiries affect your credit score
Key takeaways
- Credit inquiries can either be in the form of hard inquiries or soft inquiries, and they can happen for a variety of reasons.
- Hard credit inquiries occur when someone like a landlord or potential creditor is assessing your credit risk, and these kinds of inquiries can lower your credit score.
- Soft credit inquiries are typically used to provide you with prequalified credit card offers or to gather information that’s used more like a background check, and these kinds of inquiries do not lower your credit score.
If you’re trying to increase your credit score, chances are you’re trying to manage many factors. You’re likely making sure you pay your bills on time because your payment history counts for 35 percent of your FICO credit score. You’re also probably watching your credit utilization ratio, which counts for 30 percent of your FICO score. But have you also been paying attention to credit inquiries, which make up 10 percent of your FICO score and can sometimes cause it to drop?
People might need to inquire into your credit history for a variety of reasons. When you apply for a new credit card, take out a mortgage or rent an apartment, lenders and landlords conduct credit inquiries to determine whether you are likely to be a financial risk. These inquiries are called hard credit inquiries, and they have the potential to drop your credit score by several points. Other types of credit inquiries are called soft credit inquiries. These inquiries are more like background checks and don’t affect your credit score in any way.
It’s easy to wonder how much credit inquiries affect your credit score, especially if you’re not sure which type of inquiry someone is going to do. Since the best credit cards today are generally reserved for people with good or excellent credit, every credit score point counts. Does that mean you need to worry about credit inquiries lowering your score? And how many points does a hard inquiry — and other types of credit management activities — take off your credit score?
In most cases, you don’t have to worry about credit inquiries doing significant damage to your credit. Let’s take a close look at how different types of credit inquiries affect your credit score.
What is a credit inquiry?
A credit inquiry is an examination of your credit. Lenders, landlords and potential employers have the ability to request access to your credit file, which includes your credit history. These credit inquiries help them to get a quick overview of whether you’ve been using credit responsibly.
Why do credit inquiries matter?
When you apply for a credit card, shop for a loan or prepare to take on a new financial responsibility (like renting an apartment), the lenders and companies involved want to know whether you’re likely to be a financial risk. By conducting an inquiry into your credit history, these companies are able to assess your level of financial responsibility and the likelihood that you might default on your loan, miss credit card payments or skip out on rent.
There are two different types of credit inquiries: hard inquiries, which can have a negative effect on your credit score, and soft inquiries, which don’t affect your credit score at all.
What is the difference between a hard inquiry and soft inquiry?
To figure out the differences between these two inquiries, we have to first break down what each one means.
What is a hard inquiry?
Hard credit inquiries, sometimes called hard pulls or hard credit checks, take place when you request a new line of credit or begin the process of taking on a major financial commitment. If you apply for a credit card, for example, the card issuer will pull your credit file, and you’ll see a hard inquiry on your credit reports. You must give permission for a company to perform a hard pull on your credit, so these inquiries shouldn’t take you by surprise.
Common hard credit inquiries include:
- Credit card applications
- Loan applications (including mortgages, car loans and personal loans)
- Apartment rental applications
- Phone or utility applications
What is a soft inquiry?
Soft credit inquiries, also known as soft pulls or soft credit checks, occur when companies pull your credit file for a reason unrelated to a new financial obligation. Soft credit inquiries are often performed as background checks and are sometimes used to determine whether you can be preapproved for a credit offer. Although some soft credit inquiries (such as employer credit checks) only take place with your permission, other soft inquiries don’t require permission and may even occur without your knowledge.
Common soft credit inquiries include:
- Employer credit checks
- Insurance quotes
- Prequalified offers for credit cards, loans or insurance
- Credit monitoring services
- Free credit score access through your banking app
- Credit limit increases (or decreases) on your credit cards that you did not request
Keep in mind: Soft inquiries are usually not indicative of a firm financial commitment, so they don’t affect your credit score.
Hard inquiry vs. soft inquiry
The following chart illustrates these differences:
| Hard inquiry | Soft inquiry | |
|---|---|---|
| Is it used when you apply for some form of credit? | Yes | No |
| Is it used when you check your credit score for free? | No | Yes |
| Can it lower your credit score? | Yes | No |
| Will it show up on your credit report? | Yes | No |
| Do you need to give permission for the inquiry to occur? | Yes | No |
Does checking your credit score lower it?
Checking your own credit score is considered a soft inquiry and does not lower your credit. Many credit card issuers offer access to your credit score for free (some even offer credit monitoring). If a credit-tracking app or website does make an inquiry into your file as part of its credit monitoring process, it will be a soft inquiry that will have no effect on your credit score.
You also don’t need to worry about lowering your credit by checking your credit report. Any time you pull your credit file from Experian, TransUnion or Equifax to assess your credit history or dispute credit report errors, it counts as a soft inquiry and won’t affect your credit score. You can also go to AnnualCreditReport.com, a government-authorized website, to get free weekly credit reports.
How multiple credit inquiries affect your score
Can multiple credit inquiries have a negative effect on your credit score? It depends on what kind of credit you’re shopping for.
If you’re rate shopping to find the best interest rate on something like a mortgage or an auto loan, the major credit bureaus and FICO understand you’re likely to have multiple credit inquiries on your account. That’s why multiple inquiries for the same type of credit are considered to be a single inquiry if they occur within a specific time span. Older FICO scoring models consolidate inquiries made within two weeks, while the newest FICO score gives consumers 45 days to shop around for the best rates and terms.
If you apply for multiple credit cards in a short time period, however, that doesn’t count as rate shopping. Each application will add a new hard credit inquiry to your credit report. This could make a big difference in your interest rates if you are on the border between good credit and excellent credit — and it’s one of the reasons why it’s a good idea to wait at least 90 days between credit card applications.
How do hard inquiries impact your credit score?
A hard credit inquiry could lower your credit score by as much as 10 points, though in many cases, the damage probably won’t be that significant. As FICO explains, “For most people, one additional credit inquiry will take less than five points off their FICO Scores.”
Still, those five points can tip you into the bad credit range depending on your current credit score, so it’s best to be cautious when you’re giving companies permission to do hard credit checks, especially if your score is low to begin with.
FICO also reports that hard credit inquiries can remain on your credit report for up to two years. However, when FICO calculates your credit score, it only considers credit inquiries made in the past 12 months. This means that if your credit inquiry is over a year old, it will no longer affect your FICO credit score.
How do soft inquiries impact your credit score?
A soft inquiry does not affect your credit score in any way. When a lender performs a soft inquiry on your credit file, the inquiry might appear on your credit report, but it won’t impact your credit score.
How to dispute or remove credit inquiries
It’s possible to dispute or remove some credit inquiries from your credit report. If you initiated a hard credit pull by applying for new credit, you cannot remove the inquiry from your report. However, if a credit inquiry is the result of fraud (like identity theft) or some other error, you can file a dispute with the three credit bureaus — Equifax, Experian and TransUnion — in order to request a hard inquiry removal. The following forms can help you do so quickly:
- How to file a dispute with Equifax
- How to file a dispute with Experian
- How to file a dispute with TransUnion
The bottom line
Once you understand how credit inquiries affect your credit score, you can make smart decisions about when to apply for new credit. Checking your credit score does not lower it, so feel free to review your credit score as often as you like. If you decide to take on a major financial obligation like a new credit card, mortgage or apartment rental, expect a hard inquiry into your credit. In many cases, a hard credit inquiry will only drop your score by about five points — and soft credit inquiries won’t affect your score at all.
